Group+Six

=**The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus **=



"Professions, Occupations and Identity"



 * "Professions, Occupations and Identity" **

Due to the quick and vast changes England went through during the Elizabethan Period, there were plenty of occupations to be taken up during someone's lifetime. However, since most of the time the population was of a lower class staths (middle class was barely building itself up), most of the occupations were service-type of jobs providing for those of higher incomes; that is to say, that they focused on providing necessary services to others and most likely, for the higher, more powerful class. Usually, a person would learn a family trade and serve the family business until married or dead. Regardless, the varied opportunities for work created a large compendium of available professions precursors to some which are of incredible value even to this day.

As has been said before, many occupations were of the service type during Elizabethan England while only a few were of more artistic, personal interests. A person of lower class status would usually be, among a few other things, a blacksmith, a barber, a baker, a carpenter, an apothecary, a tutor, a nurse, a gardener, a knight, a shoemaker or a steward. The higher class, the nobility, tended to be born into power and riches and therefore saw little interest in work. However, they did busy themselves occasionally with certain professions such as those of a scholar or man of the cloth.

Typically, as time went on some occupations were dropped entirely from daily life as better, more developed things would rise up while others were merely perfected. Jobs such as that of an Apothecary carried on with time yet became even more scientific, we know them now as Pharmacists. However, others became useless and eventually forgotten such as the job of a scribe mostly because more and more people began to learn how to read and write. Simple things like these did impact the rise of the English Empire as well as the social evolution of the rest of the world.

Of the most popular, the most needed tasks were called upon constantly. Painters, people hired to paint castles, as well as cooks were of the jobs most requested, especially since it was the higher class that wanted them. On the other hand, jobs for an astronomer or an acrobat or artist were hard to come by since only the higher class would require their service, and only when in need of entertainment.

From the odd jobs section, there were occupations such as a gong farmer, basically a man who collected dung for farmers, or even an ewerer, a man that merely heated up water to deliver to noblemen. by Alejandra Lucero

The Elizabethan era was an era composed of the nobility and everyone else. This distinction is described in “Elizabethan Crimes and Punishment” as crimes among the nobility which consisted of high treason, blasphemy, witchcraft, spying, rebellion, murder, and sedition and some common crimes among the lower class consisted of theft, poaching, begging, adultery, fraud, and cut purses. Punishment for crimes varied among the noble and lower class by:
 * "Law, crime, punishment, and identity" **

Beheading Being Burned Alive Getting Hanged Whipping Branding Starvation Cutting off Various parts of the Anatomy

Drawn and Quartered My section will focus on Dr. Faustus’ crime of greed which filters down to sorcery, sacrilege, at various times theft and swindling of others.

Throughout the play Dr. Faustus shows extreme amounts of sorcery given to him by his pact with the devil. He is able to call upon spirits, learn vast amounts of knowledge in no time, ride across the sky in a chariot pulled by dragons, call upon philosophers of the past, and turn invisible. According to a website on “Elizabethan Crime & Punishment” the acts preformed by Faustus are crimes committed in the category of witchcraft. Normally such acts would be punished by death through hanging or being drawn and quartered but due to Faustus’ ability to never be killed such feats are not possible. In fact, during the play his sorcery is often his source of appraisal which completely defies punishment altogether. Instead a more divine punishment is set into motion as a counterbalance to his exceeding limits on law.

Sacrilege is seen constantly throughout the play. In Act three Faustus toys with the Pope by speaking blasphemous phrases into his ear, stealing his wine and food, and even proceeds to hit the Pope and beat up his friars. Once again such vile acts against religion would be punished with death, but Faustus being almighty and powerful does not receive such conduct. Instead he gets away in life Scott-free but with his immortality slowly ticking away. Even if he is mortally unable to atone for his sins, in death he receives the ultimate punishment of damnation.

Sacrilege and sorcery help develop a sort of all hope is lost identity in Faustus which is seen in the very first scene of the play. According to Faustus:

The reward of sin is death? That’s hard. If we say we have no sin, We deceive ourselves, and there’s no truth in us. Why then belike we must sin, And so consequently die. Ay, we must die an everlasting death. The idea of this passage is clear that Faustus believes there is no hope for man. Accepting this idea that all men consistently sin, Faustus embraces such a false reasoning and lives in a manner where he believes if he must die from sin, then he might at as well sin some more and get something out of it. This identity that he creates for himself carries into the first three acts of the play where Faustus is debating whether damnation is worthy of selling his soul. He is constantly reminded of salvation, but is misguided. In the last half of the play his misguided hopeless identity is seen with more vigor as he abuses his sorcery and dives deeper into the hands of sin. Similarly to being drawn and quartered, in the last scene when the three scholars enter to find Faustus’ body they notice it has been torn to pieces. Such a end to Faustus’ life relates to how Elizabethan punishment is often shelled out as described by William Harrison in his article on “Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England” where he exclaims quick and swift death wherever the crime is committed. In a scholarly article by John Dobe, Dobe goes over Faustus’ attempts to repent and how the words //Homo fuge// on Faustus’ arm is a “escape clause which simply cannot be excluded from Faustus’ contract”(Dobe). This idea of a hidden escape clause is explained further as Dobe explains how the first two attempts to repent are misguided by first Mephistophilis with the use of dancing devils and then Lucifer with his show of the seven deadly sins. The reason they do these things according to Dobe is to not only distract Faustus from noticing the clause, but also because the clause is permanently there until voided. Dobe exclaims that Dr. Faustus continually notices his way out but is in the end tricked into signing his contract a second time with a deeper affirmation into sin which in the end nulls his escape clause damning him forever. As seen in the play, Dobe exclaims that after Helen is given to Dr. Faustus in exchange for a second signing, Dr. Faustus receives no letters of //Homo Fuge// on his arms which exclaims that Faustus is now completely and utterly damned. The idea of an escape clause from committing crimes is not commonly seen in Elizabethan law. During the time nothing but death awaited you if you committed crimes, and if you were lucky you were killed instantly(Harrison). In some cases like thievery, branding was in order so that if you are caught committing the crime again you are shown no mercy(Harrison). Although in the play Faustus is seen being given second chances, the idea of second chances during the Elizabethan era for crimes were not seen too often. In short death itself seemed to await you for your sins just as Faustus exclaimed at the beginning of the play.

"Author" **

Christopher Marlowe is most well known as William Shakespeare's rival. Little is known about who Marlowe really was, what his views were, or for what reason his plays had certain themes. There is evidence to support that he was a spy for Queen Elizabeth and a very religious man, but conversely, there is evidence to support that he was an atheist and a homosexual. There is also a theory that Marlowe was not a rival of Shakespeare at all, but was actually Shakespeare himself, disguised in a different name. What is known about him is that he did live in the same Elizabethan times, that he died young, and that he has and will continue to influence writers for years to come. The following are accepted facts about Christopher Marlowe (expect from the “Marlowe is Shakespeare” theorists): - He was born in Canterbury, England on February 6, 1564 - In 1581 he went to Corpus Christi College in Cambridge, England. - He died on May 30, 1593 at the age of 29. - He wrote 9 plays, 1 short story, and many poems.

Journal Article Summary about Christopher Marlowe The reason I picked this article is because it summarizes the influence Christopher Marlowe had on William Shakespeare’s writing. Marlowe is known as Shakespeare’s rival by most people, and I wanted to start my research on him by his associations to Shakespeare. From this article I found out why Marlowe is also considered one of the great British authors, because he broke free of the normal “moral viewpoint” that accepted, influencing Shakespeare to do the same. This is evident in //The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus//, as well as many of Shakespeare’s plays, such as //Hamlet//. The article explores the extent to which Marlowe influenced Shakespeare’s writing other than the “moral viewpoint” which had been researched before. The article sites how many specific plays of Marlowe’s pave the way for specific plays of Shakespeare’s, mostly his history plays. But in the end, most of the conclusions are made from assumptions and very little can be proved. The article was just an adequate source to introduce me to the theories that involve my subject, Christopher Marlowe, and quite possibly the most famous of all historical figures, William Shakespeare. One of the most prominent conspiracy theories involving Christopher Marlowe is that he actually is William Shakespeare and wrote all of his works. This theory was mainly pursued by Calvin Hoffman in the 1970’s. Danielle Boldt, Sarah Carlin, and Erin Maguire show on their website certain passages from Shakespeare poems and plays that are very similar to Marlowe’s writings that Hoffman found in his research on Shakespeare’s true origin: //Passionate Shepherd to his Love // Marlowe    //By shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals And I will make thee a bed of roses And a thousand fragrant posies. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> //Merry Wives of Windsor// Shakespeare <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';">To shallow rivers to whose falls Melodious birds sing madrigals There will we make our beds of roses And a thousand fragrant posies. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> Tamburlaine //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> Marlowe <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';">Holla, ye pampered Jades of Asia What, can ye draw but twenty miles a day //<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';">Henry IV Part 2 //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';">Shakespeare <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';">And hollow pampered Jades of Asia Which cannot go hut thirty miles a day. //<span style="font-size: 12pt; color: rgb(0, 0, 51); line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Americana BT','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

Christopher the Spy: The most popular and commonly accepted version of Christopher Marlowe’s life is that he was a spy for Queen Elizabeth of England. David Riggs wrote a biography about Marlowe’s life where he explains the oddities that lead to the spy theory. Riggs says that Marlowe left school for a little bit, he described it as “disappearing” and there was at a letter written to “authorities at Cambridge” about Marlowe stating “[Marlowe] had done her Majesty good service… in matters touching the benefit of his country,” (127). Riggs then explains that once Marlowe returned, although his scholarship had been stopped, he had more money than his scholarship had granted him to begin with. It is the accepted theory amongst scholars that Marlowe was spying on Mary, Queen of Scots, for fear that Mary would take over and start a civil war with the Catholics.

The Homosexual Theory: Many scholars believe that Marlowe was a homosexual, and that this is reflected in many of his plays. This is a radical idea because Marlowe was supposed to be a great spy for Queen Elizabeth, a very religious woman, and being gay would undo that entire theory. Many scholars do not consider Marlowe’s homosexuality a theory, but as a historical fact. Tom Cowan included Marlowe in his book //Gay Man and Women who Enriched the World.// In the section about Marlowe in this book, it is not debated whether or not he was gay, but it is stated simply as a fact of his life. Cowan does note that Marlowe was “the first to suggest that Jesus and the ‘beloved disciple’ John were lovers,” (47). It is considered that Marlowe was killed, not in just a drunken bar brawl that is recorded, but was assassinated, as ordered by Queen Elizabeth. So was he an atheist or a religious man? This is a tricky question, since Cowan states that “atheist” did not necessarily mean the same thing in the 16th century as it does today. Cowan compared the term to “liberal and communist… the term could include a variety of freethinkers of varying degrees of belief and unbelief,” (46). So, the answer is: no one is quite sure. There are leanings towards him being of the modern thinking of the term atheist, but he could have just been a “freethinker” who was still religious.

- Mary Springer

** Religion and Identity within //The Tragical Life of Doctor Faustus//  ** To better understand social aspects such as religion, and the religious atmosphere and issues of the sixteenth century is to better understand the literary works and the nature of the characters of the time. Such an understanding would also help to shed light upon identity issues both within the story and within the society from which the story originates. Because issues of religion were of a much closer nature to English society within the sixteenth century these become a more important aspect to address if one is to read a sixteenth century literary work. Such would definitely be the case within the following study which will be covering Christopher Marlowe’s //The Tragical Life of Doctor Faustus// which will be addressing issues of identity both within English society of the time and within the play, as well as the role of religion in the understanding the identity of the character Doctor Faustus in relation to the society in which he lived.

The transformation of the England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one was an uneasy but ultimately definitive one in the history of the country. This change would help create a specific sense of identity amongst the English people starting from the 16th century onward, an identity which would eventually engrave itself into English culture. By the time King Henry VIII assumed the English throne there existed already a protestant movement that had yet to obtain a firm footing within England. The few Protestants that were in England were faced with persecution by already established and ruling Catholic monarchy. This would change entirely all mainly because of the desired divorce of king Henry VIII from his wife Catherine of Aragon, a divorce which was being denied to him by the Catholic church. After failed attempts King Henry the VIII would result to declaring himself supreme head of the Church of England thus capable of assuring himself his divorce. The result was a dramatic turn which now turned the Catholic portion of the population in to the persecuted and the Protestant portion of the population in to the ruling and established order. This was by no means an immediate permanent change but rather the initiation of several years of a type of tug of war between the two faiths as their faithful struggled for social political dominance. As Protestantism began to gain a firm hold once and for all there began to be problems surging from a conflict of ideologies from other protestant groups such as the Puritans who seeked a Church of England which confined more to their beliefs. This particular struggle of Protestant versus Protestant would eventually fizzle as the Puritan population began its migration to the Americas, but the Catholic debacle would continue until around 1603, at the end of Queen Elizabeth’s reign. After approximately a generation of conflict against a primarily “foreign and Catholic” enemy the English Protestant church found itself the church of the English people whom had grown by this time to esteem it and defend it against at all costs. The new church would begin to engrave itself into the identity of England producing even its own festive calendar with special days of its own. Though it would take centuries for the new church to settle entirely, by 1603 England had very much become a Protestant nation and as such it would find itself involved in the defense of the Protestant faith even abroad.
 * Summary 1 of: The English Reformation by Professor Andrew Pettegree**

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">National Identity in //The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus// ** As has been studied in class, 16th century England faced issues of self identity that were often aggravated by the growing power, influence, and prestige of neighboring countries such as Spain, France, Germany, and other countries which at the time composed a group of slightly more sophisticated nations which seemed to always view England as the furthest and darkest reach of Europe. To the rising European powers England was in a way forgotten since the day Romans had left its lands. Excluded in one sense or another, the English began adopting foreign fashions and published their written work in Latin rather than in English. Under such circumstances English identity struggled to emerge, but it would eventually do so reflecting itself in literature, and spreading about the population. In Marlowe’s play Doctor Faustus seeks all the knowledge of the world seemingly out of pure avarice. Within the play, however, it is possible to see manifestations of English identity presenting itself to the reader. Two small but meaningful examples can be seen. These hold slight references to international political sentiment toward Spain in particular which at the time was a major European power which was even more enriched with its new found wealth in the new world to which England was yet to set forth. The first manifestation of English identity in the form of mal sentiment toward Spain can be found in the following quote “I’ll levy soldiers with the coin they bring, and chase the Prince of Parma from our land” ( 1027 ). It is historically known Prince of Parma was the Spanish Duke of the Netherlands which at the time was part of the Spanish empire which included not only the Netherlands, but also parts of Italy, and of course the vast majority of the Americas. The quote reflects the competitiveness that was beginning to emerge between both nations, which was greatly propelled by a newly emerging English identity. The second quote shows a manifestation of English identity seeking improvement in the world theatre. Found on the same page as the prior the quote goes as follows: “Faustus, these books, thy wit, and our experience shall make all nations canonize us. As Indian Moors obey their Spanish lords, so shall the spirits of every element be always serviceable to us three.” ( 1027-1028 ). The title “Indian Moors” was one that referred to dark skinned native Americans ( 1027 ). The specific reference to Spanish dominance of the new world, and the stating of how Faustus will rule over an even greater empire appears to indicate England’s strive for greatness to call its own. The political and religious friction and conflict which would eventually arise from the product of both nations flexing their power would eventually make the English identity a permanent entity in England, one which the English proudly take with them to the most remote reaches of their empire. These examples seem to also present a brief picture of Faustus as a representation of England. Observing these quotes one can derive that in this short moment in the play Faustus is symbol for England and her strive for dominance. Here it is possible to also view the type of religious turmoil that was taking place during the 16th century as product of the reformation. The armed struggle was beginning to tear the country swaying it from Protestant to Catholic and vice versa several times. Faustus’s leaving of his faith and acceptance of his damnation, as well as the constant intervention by both the good and bad angels are indicative of the religious social unrest that befell the country at the time. Apart from illustrating religion and religious morals “The Tragical Life of Doctor Faustus” also shows how national identity was being shaped and promoted within literature and in this case literature with a religious theme. The fact that such references would appear in a largely religious play makes it important, for it demonstrates the dual function of this primarily religiously moralizing play. Marlowe’s end product, the play itself, would in turn be a manifestation of English identity in its unique literary style.

David Leyva

** "Knowledge and Identity": consumption, and ultimate corruption of desire. ** Knowledge is more or less important depending on social class. The separate levels of society value different types of knowledge. These values help to create an identity. The bottom of the chain looks to understand more practical knowledge. More physical knowledge to aid them in their work; while as the steps go up, knowledge becomes philosophical, religious, artistic, even scientific. For Dr. Faustus, this knowledge may even extend to become wealth and power. He strives to own it all, at the expense of his own life. Willing to trade his identity for the quest of knowledge. What does this say about him and the people of his time? What was more important?

The Medieval era cherished the knowledge of theology and God, but with the influence of the Renaissance growing stronger and stronger, the pursuit of knowledge turned to nature and physical science. This transition is shown as Dr. Faustus turns his discussion from theological matters to that of logic, then medicine, then law, then divinity, and finally resting on black magic and necromancy. Up until the influence of magic each preceding discipline frames the base of the medieval structure, knowledge was based on traditional ideas not experimental new ones.

Dr. Faustus is often related to the son of Greek mythology, Icarus. This classic myth tells the story of a boy who does not follow the warnings of his father, such as Faustus does not heed the opinion of his fellow peers. Icarus builds wings from feathers and wax, and is advised to not fly too closely to the sun, but he does not listen. The sun melts his wings, and Icarus is left to die. Faustus has built his own wings from his thirst for knowledge, but the selling of his soul and his misuse of magical power will be his downfall. The path of knowledge leads upward, towards the sky, towards God, but Faustus has bound himself to the ground and beneath, he cannot fly. He has rejected himself from the heavens and thus must commence on a path downwards. The knowledge Faustus receives has limits from the very start, however, it is this want of knowledge that is the base of his corruption. Faustus desires the unobtainable, jumps for the unreachable; this is his tragic character flaw, and he is doomed from the very start. Knowledge is most obviously a major theme in Marlowe's play. It is a strong base that eternally branches out. For example the pursuit of knowledge quickly turns towards the pursuit of magic, black magic infact. Initially Faustus meant to use magic for good and entertainment, but shortly after this new power made him light headed. Faustus dizzied from the mental and physical strength he came to posses, that he ended up wanting it all. Erasing any and all limits (considering there were some to begin with) to acquiring knowledge. Thus, Faustus becomes filled with greed. No longer a natural search for truth, but simply abundance, such as a devil collecting souls just for the company. This outlines the next theme of boundaries; that for human existance boundaries are a necessary means of survival. When there is no fence at the end of the yard, no horizon cutting off the ocean's flow, there is a dangerous feel for immortal life; which was most appealing to Faustus.

The final theme that must be addresses is that of salvation and redemption. Christopher Marlowe gives the world a Faustus that is damned from the very beginning. There is no hope to saving him, no sense in warning what the future may bring, almost as if his choices were premeditated and doomed to fail. In comparison to Johann Goethe's version of the Faust tale, Goethe presents a character that has every possibility of overcoming the mistakes of his actions. This version of Faust demonstrates the idea that as long as man continues down his path, strives to succeed and perform the greater good, he may save himself. No matter the depth of his very own grave, it is human will that is the ultimate savior. A sense of hope unique only to humans, only to a man that turns once again to the path of the straight and narrow, despite any actions that may have lead him astray.

-below is a clip from the film adaptation of Goethe's Faust, made in 1926, in which Faust evokes Mephisto (Mephastophilis) for the first time-

media type="youtube" key="7TCfNFckx6Q" height="344" width="425"

- Samantha Darst

==== **MISSING PASSAGE**: Faustus has willed his soul to hell in exchange for the power of magic. He has just sent Mephastophilis to talk to the devil about coming to proper arrangements; however, while he waits for Mephastophilis to return, Faustus is faced with both the good and evil angels, not to mention the conflict within his own mind. He is forced to reconsider his actions, as is Mephastophilis on his way down through hell. The following missing passage shines a brighter light on the thinking process Faustus experiences when deciding to sell his soul, and damn himself for eternity. ====


 * Comparable to Christopher Marlowe's Text:**

(//Mephastophilis has just left, now Faustus begins his dangerous mind walk//): Soon I shall be the most powerful of the knowledgeable. All shall bow down before thee. I shall be the one and only true source of knowledge and wisdom upon this world. Kingdoms and kings shall heed thy will and before thee kneel as well, they shall be thy subjects and the world will know who Faustus is. (//A headache strikes Faustus and he drops to his knees//) Wilt thou obtain all at the cost of thy soul, Faustus? Is all the knowledge you seek truly worth such a price as to be damned eternally? (//Faustus answers rising from his knees//) YES! All tis worth every moment in hell, tis they…thy enemies, who should demonstrate concern. For they shall soon be in thy command and shall know all and rule over all, no price is high when such extraordinary rewards are to be obtained. (//Strong and crazed laughter//) This is madness! Men of lesser knowledge than that which thou now hath have lived fuller. Their lives aglow at the grace of god, they have died and now dwell beside him in the heavens above. All they needed in their lives was God. Should thou continue on this foolish path thou shall find thyself far from the sight of the Lord, and lost within the deepest bowels of hell. (//Breaking mirror//) SILENCE! Sway me not conscience, this is what Faustus desires. Not God whom would rather have all live in ignorance of all, knowledge itself included. Rebel I shall, against such deprivation, against God, and all whom so dare to oppose Faustus, once this dealing is sealed all shall fall. (//Loud thump on the floor, followed by a loud gust of wind//) I, Faustus, am art damned; continue not on this evil path lest Satan’s grasp consume thee. Humility and faith, Faustus, those are the true paths of a man of knowledge not this evil avarice you so pursue. Thou who art well learned and read in the annals of history should well know how all men who have embarked on such endeavors as thee have failed, and how Satan hath collected their souls like he will to thy soul and his talons shall rip thy flesh for eternity. No thunderous cry for help shall ever reach the merciful ears of God, for thou shall be too deep in sin, and God is deaf to men the likes of thee who damn thy selves at will. SILENCE! SILENCE CONSCIENCE! Speak no more. Thou art nothing; I control thee, who art merely a materialized voice and crazed mind. Thou lack a body, and any sort of authority over Faustus. AWAY! AWAY WITH YOU I SAY! (//A loud thump is heard and followed by a gust of wind swinging the windows open//) Faustus… repent while there is still time for thee. Fulfill not this evil contract, for once in hell there is no way out. (//Faustus collapses and begins to fall into a deep sleep//) Then so be it, leave me conscience to my damnation… tis worth… the price. (//Faustus falls into a deep sleep, enter good angel, with a burst of light//) -**David Levya**
 * Faustus**:

GOOD ANGEL: Rise from thy sleep, talented Faustus. Rise up! FAUSTUS: I hear someone speaking. Who’s there? GOOD ANGEL: I, Faustus. FAUSTUS: If it be not "I", Faustus, for I am sure I’m not speaking, who could this "I" be? GOOD ANGEL: Tis be your sole guardian in this world. FAUSTUS: An angel? This could only be a joke from a friend; an angel’s existence is a lie. GOOD ANGEL: I speak the truth Faustus. My presence is only justified by your latest actions. FAUSTUS: If sleep be evil then damn the entire world! GOOD ANGEL: Only the crossings against the Lord have paved your road to fire. FAUSTUS: My thirst for knowledge? GOOD ANGEL: Only thy Creator must know everything. FAUSTUS: Perhaps he shouldn’t have tempted us with any, then, if he did not wish to see us take this glorious path. GOOD ANGEL: You must understand it’s not that simple… FAUSTUS: Sleep, I call thee! GOOD ANGEL: No, upon my honor, that I will redeem me of thy sins.. FAUSTUS: I’d call you mad! Sleep is needed for any good soul as well as a rotten one. GOOD ANGEL: Don’t pretend this has been solved. FAUSTUS: Pray, tell me! GOOD ANGEL: Oh, Faustus! You’re genteelness pumps my heart with joy. FAUSTUS: I would believe it, if I believed in you at all. GOOD ANGEL: The quest for knowledge is a worthy one, you must understand. FAUSTUS: Naturally. GOOD ANGEL: But thy sick desire to take over everything is too proud. Too God-like. FAUSTUS: And where is the fault in that? GOOD ANGEL: Your soul will be banished to all hell. FAUSTUS: No…impossible! GOOD ANGEL: Read any holy book. FAUSTUS: Rotten luck. GOOD ANGEL: 'Tis my mission to impose on you reason against this. FAUSTUS: And reason has been restored. Fire and brimstone mismatch my fair complexion. GOOD ANGEL: It has been settled! Faustus returns as the prodigal child! FAUSTUS: Of course, kind angel. GOOD ANGEL: Good news! Good news! I must share them with our kindly Father. Sleep! You sleep! I will sing with the choir of your repentance! FAUSTUS: Farewell... GOOD ANGEL: Good night, good man! FAUSTUS: My wishes lay in never seeing thy wings again… (//Faustus returns to his deep slumber, only to be woken by the evil angel//) -**Alejandra Lucero**
 * Good Angel:**

EVIL ANGEL: Awake Faustus! Human, fragile, and weak. FAUSTUS: By Jove! What are these voices constantly carrying on in mine own ears. I shall be talked to death before acquiring any sort of peace. EVIL ANGEL: But it is death you must delay. Black magic, evil thoughts, and sinister seeing have surrounded your mind and you are taken by them. FAUSTUS: I am surely not taken anywhere except to the madhouse for these voices that have visited me. First, one of pious direction, exclaiming forgiveness, and now you! You who feels the need to pry at my thoughts and exemplify my passions. EVIL ANGEL: I am merely here to sway your mind towards more powerful professions that you so happened to already accept.You have become a spirit among men, and God does not forgive spirits. Such phantom like creatures are banished to hell indefinitely, never to see Godly glorified light, only fiery scathing by the illumination of hell's fires. FAUSTUS: But I have made my mind. I shall repent and forget such nonsense. The goodly voice has reason, and I am reasoned. EVIL ANGEL: But have not earthly pleasures reached their highest peak? Are you satisfied by the tangible? The incomplete rubbish that spawns from scholarly books and knowledge, only held onto by man? FAUSTUS: I am more than the less! My complex mind is that of a caged bird; It wishes to soar, but has not found proper means to escape its cage. I am no percher, nor you preacher! Another voice sent to interrupt my slumber. GO NOW! EVIL ANGEL: In truth, I do not preach but rather agree. I am not here to discern you from your naps that are so oft' taken during times in which you are in your study; a place where the pursuit of filed freedom takes place. Leave, I shall not! I see your heart wrenching, your mind working. Even in sleep you seek celestial delights. FAUSTUS: BE THIS NOT BLACK MAGIC? My ears surely deceive me. If not for my eyes, stirring left to stay awake, I would think I am dreaming. Perhaps this preacher has sense in it yet. Be you not priest, Christ, or God himself, will you still take my confession? EVIL ANGEL: I will hear your words, and see to it your eyes are as full as your ears. FAUSTUS: I cannot stand the earthly education. The tutored listless lessons, all stirring from human mind and mediocre messages. I am not one for this kind of life, and wish to break its cycle at any second. If damnation is the path I must choose than I shall become the Devil himself! EVIL ANGEL: Such lost, and solemn words, but indeed in the direction of dignity and disillusionment. You, the one with thoughts as dark as the deepest forests have sought long this black path. -**Neil Blackman**
 * Evil Angel:**

(//Mephastophilis is headed towards the fiery depths of hell, where the devil is waiting for him. During the journey, they both reflect upon themselves and what they wish upon Faustus//) MEPHASTOPHILIS: I knew the effect of Faustus wanting to grow like myself and others in hell. But he has no wit or the cunning for what damnation does to soul and head...
 * Mephastophilis/Lucifer:**

LUCIFER: Gaze upon thy shadowed kingdom. Of man and mind, bound to the same body. Scarce can I turn an ear from the thunder of sin, I listen to hear what thou wilt do...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: Then hadst I the wit of hell I would never let purchase my soul to Lucifer also. I was green and foolish, of no future, I thought. I had a wife no longer quick, and child of hate. I invested the lot of my money to sonnets, for the scripts of the better to hear my thoughts more than I...

LUCIFER: Tell me who made this world, this state of mind. Rumble every heart that aches to repent, and turn every eye in my direction. I am the creator, I am Lucifer. Mine hand guides each desperate step unto the way of immortal life. This is hell, this is the garden of the damned...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: I was without wealth or family so I called upon Lucifer for the skills of the world on to deplore for my wife. To recover her speech and to conjure others a foul way out of their earnings to gain all my life again as it was before her death. I was in good disposition. But in the end, I was to hell...

LUCIFER: Methinks Faustus shall be thy next seed of corruption. For he hath closed his eyes to the light of faith. In the darkness magic hides, and does not come forth without a soul to claim...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: I had prevented it as much, but my mind was not what I had hoped. It is here if I run or stay. I an aid to Lucifer, but pain will not be aided. It will only move if Lucifer is not aided when asked. I defy to the one called Faustus. As is his ego, I hope his mind is not one to take up his actions as said. I implore the good angel to speak and conduct him from his unsound mind...

LUCIFER: A soul to be stripped and torn, drained upon the earth to nourish the soil of sin. Faustus shall be that soul. I shall will his request and pull him down, bear thee quick so he may never ascend to heaven. Where art thou Mephastophilis?

MEPHASTOPHILIS: For that I have experienced. I would not friend him, though his fate I will wish best. Lucifer could be of other mind than the thought of Faustus. His vanity and pride could be of any other sin? My word must be true to Lucifer, but I will not help his fate. If Lucifer knows the sin, I will follow, if Faustus has kept quiet, I will also...

LUCIFER: O necromancy! Faustus does not know all the miracles of black magic. No matter, he shall soon learn from experience, by living an eternal life. Abandon science and logic to the air, to the imagination. Faustus will hence forth fly towards the underground, on the wings of Mephastophilis! -**Mephastophilis: Mary Springer** -**Lucifer: Samantha Darst**


 * Comparable to Modern English:**

(//Mephastophilis has just left, now Faustus begins his dangerous mind walk//): I will be the source, the only true source of all knowledge. Kingdoms and kings shall kneel before me and they shall be my subjects, and the world will know who Faustus is. (//A headache strikes Faustus and he drops to his knees//) All this at the price of eternal damnation, is all the knowledge of the world worth it? (//Rises from his knees and answer, looks into a mirror//) YES! Yes it is they… they who should worry. My enemies will be all in my command and I will know all and rule all. There is no price high enough for such extraordinary power. (//Strong and crazed laughter//) Men with far less knowledge than I have now lived fulfilled lives, died happy, and are now in paradise. All they needed in life was God. Should you go on with this you will be beyond sight of his grace and lost in hell. (//Faustus breaks the mirror//) SILENCE!! Do not sway me, this is what I want, this! Not God, who would rather have us live in ignorance. I rebel against him and those who oppose me. Thus, am I damned? Should I quit this path now before Satan’s grasp consumes me? Humility and faith Faustus, those are the pure paths of a truly knowledgeable man. Not this horrendous avarice. You, who has the extensive knowledge obtained from the records of history, know very well that all men who have embarked in your same endeavor have failed. Satan shall consume you like he has everyone before you. His claws will tear your flesh for eternity, and no thunderous cry for help shall reach God’s merciful ear, for God is deaf to men the likes of you, who damn themselves. (//Faustus now suffering from a horrible headache moves about the room desperately//) SILENCE! SILENCE! My mind must hold its tongue. It is but a voice with no body and no authority over me. AWAY! AWAY WITH YOU I SAY! Still it will not leave, I must Repent while there is still time. Do not fulfill this evil contract for once in hell there is no way out. Leave me to my damnation, it must be worh the price. (//Faustus collapses on the floor and falls into a deep exhausted sleep, then a burst of light enters the room, and so does the good angel//) -**David Levya**
 * Faustus**: I will be the most powerful of the knowledgeable; they will all bow down before me.

GOOD ANGEL: Wake up, talented Faustus. Wake up. FAUSTUS: Huh? Hello? Who’s there? GOOD ANGEL: It is I. FAUSTUS: For the love of all that is unholy, who is “I”? GOOD ANGEL: Why, your guardian angel, kind Faustus. FAUSTUS: Huh! Guardian angel? I have no use for those. GOOD ANGEL: Oh, but Faustus. Can’t you see that you are going down the wrong path? FAUSTUS: What are you talking about? I’m trying to sleep here. What’s so wrong about that? GOOD ANGEL: Oh, dear, sensible Faustus. Don’t joke around. You know I’m talking about your ill-advised wishes to deal with such wreck that would dare abandon our Holy Father. FAUSTUS: Oh, you mean my “path” to reign all the world of knowledge! GOOD ANGEL: Exactly! Can’t you understand only the Creator is meant to know everything. FAUSTUS: Bah, if that were the case then maybe He shouldn’t have put within the human that spirit, that thirst, for knowledge. Blame Him for His mistakes, not me. GOOD ANGEL: Faustus… FAUSTUS: Now let me sleep! GOOD ANGEL: No! I can’t. I mustn’t. Not until you understand the wrongs you are about to commit. FAUSTUS: Still with this? Angel, I chose to be this way. Don’t bother me any longer. I must get my beauty sleep so as not to scare off Mephastophilis. GOOD ANGEL: Don’t be a cynic. This is for your own good. FAUSTUS: Hm? Getting mad are we? Well then, I’ll listen to you for five more minutes. GOOD ANGEL: Thank you Faustus. I can tell you are a good man. FAUSTUS: As good as the next one! GOOD ANGEL: You need to understand. Part of being human is not knowing, gentle Faustus. It is the fun of it, the mystery of life. FAUSTUS: Oh, Angel. You’re getting it wrong. Part of the fun is learning. Knowing more than the next guy. Being better than your neighbor! GOOD ANGEL: No, no, no. That’s not it at all. FAUSTUS: How would you know? You’re just an angel. GOOD ANGEL: But I’ve been around long enough. FAUSTUS: Even so, you must choose a different argument. I call this one null based on your nature. And of course, my own. GOOD ANGEL: As you wish. If you keep on following this path Faustus- FAUSTUS: I will stop being human! Hahaha I’ll turn superhuman, that’s what will happen! GOOD ANGEL: Faustus! Will you be mature, please? Take my advice. FAUSTUS: Fine, fine. Just remember that you’re the one trying to convince me, of I don’t even know what, at the early hours of the morning. GOOD ANGEL: Just let me proceed Faustus, if you continue down this path- FAUSTUS: YOU! Should just let me continue to sleep! GOOD ANGEL: FOR THE LOVE OF OUR SAVIOR, FAUSTUS. IF YOU CONTINUE THIS WAY YOU WILL SUFFER IN HELL FOR ALL ETERNITY! FAUSTUS: Oh! That is no good. GOOD ANGEL: That’s what I’ve been trying to tell you, man. FAUSTUS: Hm. I really should reconsider. My research has told me so much about Hell… GOOD ANGEL: It’s unbearable, I’ve taken hours, trust me... FAUSTUS: All right, then. Thank you Guardian Angel for saving me from the utmost horrible fate. GOOD ANGEL: So you’ll reconsider? FAUSTUS: Got no choice, do I? I want you gone. GOOD ANGEL: Oh, magnificent Faustus! This is such good news! I have to tell everyone. Sleep! Sleep! I will sing with the choir of your repentance! FAUSTUS: Yeah, yeah. Good night and farewell. GOOD ANGEL: Ciao, my good man! FAUSTUS: Hope to never see you again… (//Faustus returns to his deep slumber, only to be woken by the evil angel//) -**Alejandra Lucero
 * Good Angel:**

Evil Angel:** EVIL ANGEL: Get up Faustus you weak person. FAUSTUS: GOD! What are these noises around me, I’ll have my ear talked off before I get peace and quiet. EVIL ANGEL: You can prolong death! You can’t help the black magic, evil thoughts, sinister books you have seen that you enjoy. FAUSTUS: I must be going crazy. First I hear voices exclaiming I must repent and now you who know what I have been doing, and how I feel about it all. EVIL ANGEL: I’m here to convince you of things you already like. You’re already damned! So why not accept it since you’re already going to hell. FAUSTUS: I already was convinced to repent. The other voice made more sense than you are right now. EVIL ANGEL: Aren’t you bored with trivial matters taught in books. Doesn’t the knowledge taught on earth seem restricting? FAUSTUS: I am more than that! I want more than the world is handing to me. I feel trapped and haven’t found a way out. I am not what you think I am and you are not what you think you are! Just another annoyance, go away. EVIL ANGEL: Truthfully I am not here to lecture you, but agree with you. I don’t mean to disturb your nap, in the study where you are restricted. I have seen your dreams and even in sleep you wish to get more through sorcery. FAUSTUS: Isn’t this black magic? Surely I’m hearing things. Maybe I’m dreaming! Forget it, maybe you are making sense. If so take my confession. EVIL ANGEL: I will listen and make sure you are able to see as well. FAUSTUS: I cannot take this restricted education. The boring lessons taught to everyone and anyone. I am not suited for this life and feel that if I must be damned to get what I want I will become the devil himself. EVIL ANGEL: You finally understand it all. Even though you seem so sad you were on your way down this path the whole time. -**Neil Blackman**

(//Mephastophilis is headed towards the fiery depths of hell, where the devil is waiting for him. During the journey, they both reflect upon themselves and what they wish upon Faustus//) MEPHASTOPHILIS: I know that Faustus wants to be a demon like myself and others in hell, but he does not realize what being damned does to the soul and the mind...
 * Mephastophilis/Lucifer:**

LUCIFER: Look across this landscape of death and destruction. Where a man can not lose his mind; instead they are eternally bound. I can only try to cover my ears from a sinner’s cries, the agony to follow in order to claim the soul...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: If I had known what it does I would never had sold my soul to the devil. I was young and foolish with no future, I thought. I had a wife who died and a child who hated me. I invested all my money into the written word, to poets who could express my thoughts better I could, ever...

LUCIFER: Who created this earth of chaos and violence? A danger that shatters any hope of repentance, and calls each gaze upon my flesh. I am the creator, I am Lucifer, It is my guiding palm that pushes every human step towards desperation. Into tiny holes of darkness, like planting seeds, souls to help make my garden of the damned grow...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: I had no money left and no family left, so I called for the devil to give me powers. So that I could call back my wife to talk, and so that I could do magic, and please people for money. Have everything again like I did before. It worked for a bit. But then in the end of my life, I went to hell...

LUCIFER: For it never stops growing, this garden of mine. Faustus shall be next to nurture my soil of sin. He has abandoned his faith, and is now within my immortal grasp. I will bury him in the darkness, in the black of magic, where all power lay dormant, needing a soul in exchange for its strength...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: I knew it would happen all along, but I was not prepared. I cannot escape this hell and I cannot run from it. It does not matter how I help the devil, it will never get better, only it will get worse if I do not obey. I hope Faustus as vain as he is, I hope he will not go through with his actions. I hope the good angel will talk him out of this horrible idea...

LUCIFER: This soul is bleached of all color and character, soon Faustus will be invisible. He willingly jumped down the rabbit hole, served his "self" on a silver platter. His life is mine to take from the heavens, and forever damn to the underground. Hurry Mephastophilis! While the blood still runs warm...

MEPHASTOPHILIS: I have been through it. I do not like him, but I do not wish this fate on anyone. Maybe the devil does not know about Faustus and his ideas yet. Of all the sins Faustus, why do you choose vanity? It will ruin you. There is Lucifer now! I cannot lie to him, but I will not bring it up. If he knows about him, I will go, if not, I will say nothing...

LUCIFER: Cheers to necromancy! Faustus is oblivious to the miracles that magic may achieve. But not for long, his new life will forever exist, thus his knowledge will forever expand. Past the level of science and logic, which he will soon neglect. Faustus has abandoned his upward flight, and now follows Mephastophilis down, down, down... -**Mephastophilis: Mary Springer** -**Lucifer: Samantha Darst**

=  =

Works Cited <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Alchin, L. K. "Elizabethan Occupations and Jobs." <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Elizabethan Era. < <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> [|http://www.elizabethan-era.org.uk] <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Bloom, Harold. __Christopher Marlowe__. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Boldt, Danielle, Sarah Carlin, and Erin Maguire. "Christopher Marlowe and Shakespeare." __Christopher Marlowe__. 30 Oct. 2008 <http://public.csusm.edu/marlowe/shakespeare.html>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cowan, Tom. __Gay Men and Women Who Enriched the World__. Los Angeles: William Mulvey Inc., 1996. "Elizabethan Crime and Punishment". William Shakespeare info. 12/04/08 <http://www.william-shakespeare.info/elizabethan-crime-punishment.htm>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">"Elizabethan England Occupations." Elizabethan England LIfe. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">< <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> [|http://www.elizabethanenglandlife.com] <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Hopkins, Lisa. __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">A Christopher Marlowe Chronology __<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">. New York: PALGRAVE MACMILLAN, 2005. Harrison, William, Description of England (originally published 1577-78, republished for the New Shakespeare Society 1877-1878); Rowse,A.L., The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (1971). Jobe, Don. "Marlowe's DR. FAUSTUS." Explicator 44.3 (Spring86 1986): 12. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 8 Nov. 2008 <http://libproxy.sdsu.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=7084843&site=ehost-live>. <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Marlowe, Christopher. __The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus__. __The Norton Anthology of English Literature__. Ed. Stephen Greenblatt. Eighth ed. Vol. B. New York, NY: Norton & Company, 2006. 1023+. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: rgb(38, 42, 44); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS','sans-serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Pettegree, Andrew. __The English Reformation__ BBC. 9 Sept 2008 < http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/english_reformation_print > <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Riggs, David. __The World of Christopher Marlowe.__ New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 2004 <span style="font-size: 12pt; color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Trueman, Chris. "The Poor in Elizabethan England." History Learning Site. < [|http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk] >.

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